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The Dog VISION<\/a><\/span><\/strong> website pulls off the neat trick of giving you some idea of how dogs see the world. As you probably know, every species of animal has its own particular set of sensory systems through which it perceives not THE world but rather ITS world. Thinkers such as James Gibson (pp. 26-34)<\/a> <\/span>and Francisco Varela (pp.191)<\/a><\/span> developed their ideas about this relationship between an animal\u2019s body and its environment in the 1970s and 1980s, drawing on the pioneering work of Jakob von Uexk\u00fcll<\/a><\/span><\/strong> and his landmark book A Foray Into the Worlds of Animals and Human<\/em>s, published in 1934. All of these biologists, psychologists and philosophers (I\u2019m also thinking of Thomas Nagel and his famous paper, \u201cWhat Is It Like to be a Bat?\u201d<\/a> <\/span>) have warned us against the ready temptation to assume that other species of animals have the same relationship with the world that we do. For example, Varela, who studied colour perception extensively, liked to say that every species \u201clives in its own chromatic space\u201d and that for any given species, this space is not necessarily optimal, but has simply proven adequate to ensure the survival of that species to the present time.<\/p>\n The Dog VISION<\/a><\/strong> website illustrates the truth of Varela\u2019s statement with a spectacular demonstration of just how much worse a dog\u2019s vision is than a human\u2019s. First of all, humans, like other primates, are trichromate, which means that in our retinas, we have three different types of cones<\/span>, which are sensitive to three different ranges of colour wavelengths in the visible spectrum<\/a><\/span> (red, green and blue). In contrast, dogs have only two types of cones<\/a><\/span><\/strong>: yellow (which in fact cover what we see as red and green) and blue. As a result, dogs cannot differentiate red, yellow and green when these colours are of equal brightness. But if their brightness differs, then dogs can distinguish them as various shades of yellowish grey.<\/p>\n The other way in which other animals\u2019 vision differs greatly from our own is in their visual acuity<\/a><\/span><\/strong>, which can be 4 to 8 times worse than ours, depending on the species. In contrast, the visual acuity of raptors is among the best in the animal kingdom\u20142 to 8 times better than ours, depending on how it is measured and what species of raptor is concerned.<\/p>\n